The 7 types of cartographic projections life persona. The first fundamental form and the gaussian fundamental quantities are defined and applied to obtain the plotting equations and distortions in length, shape and. Map projections displaying the earth on 2 dimensional maps the world from space projection from esri, centered at 72 west and 23 south. A sphere, unlike a polyhedron, cone, or cylinder, cannot be reformed into a plane. Although the earth is best represented by a spheroid. Mapmakers have developed hundreds of map projections, over several thousand years.
Projections projections transform points in nspace to mspace, where m select two projections, then hit the button. Start studying ap human geography types of map projections. This requires a systematic transformation of the latitudes and longitudes of locations from the surface of the globe into locations on a plane. The shape of the earth and the geodetic datum concept are covered on pages 46. Map projection a map projection is a systematic transformation of the latitudes and longitudes of locations on the surface of a sphere or an ellipsoid into locations on a plane. Ap human geography types of map projections quizlet. Types of maps thematic special purpose, single topic, statistical maps. The types of distortion can be controlled to preserve specific characteristics, but map projections must distort other characteristics of the object represented.
The post1973 editions of the alaska map e more nearly approximate an equidistant conic map projection. Map projections map projections are mathematical formulas used to transfer shapes from an oval surface the earth surface more accurately, a model of it onto a flat surface. Before addressing the specific types of transformations. Then, the cylinder is unwrapped into a flat surface, yielding a rectangularshaped map. Map projections coach grigg ap human geography golf. Com s 477577 notes yanbin jia sep 1, 2016 1 foreshortening ratio two types of projection, parallel and perspective, have been introduced. Page 79 discuss map scale and the basics of coordinate systems. Antiti map projections tn 6 a map is a representation of all or part of the earth drawn on a flat surface at a specific scale. For larger scale maps, including topographic quadrangles and the state base map series, conformal projections such as the transverse mercator and the. Many common map projections are classified according to the projection surface used. In truth, the area of map projections is highly complex and the enthusiast can easily lose themselves in many hours of reading. Spatial thinkingwhy we use maps in geographymap projectiondistortions in map projectionsgoodes.
The following concepts are addressed in the powerpoint. This kind of map projection has straight coordinate lines with horizontal parallels. Three of these common types of map projections are cylindrical, conic, and azimuthal. The art and science of making maps, including data compilation, layout, and design. Improve your knowledge of map projections in this interactive quizworksheet combo. The spatial or map extent covered by the dataset often referred to as the spatial domain learning more about coordinate systems. Description of three different types of map projections. For less clutter, reduce number of displayed projections by uncheking a few filters. Top 7 maps that ultimately explain map projections. Here is a series of links to help you learn more about applying map projections and coordinate systems in your work. This site is like a library, use search box in the widget to get ebook that you want. Types of map projections based on developable surface one way of classifying map projections is by the type of the developable surface onto which the reference sphere is projected.
Chart projections a chart projection is a way to project the earths surface, which is spherical, onto paper, which is flat. Certain map projections, or ways of displaying the earth in the most accurate ways by scale, are more wellknown and used than other kinds. Jan 06, 2017 learn what a map projection is, why they are used and what impact they have on maps gis systems. A map projection is a way to flatten a globe s surface into a plane in order to make a map. Map projections, also known as geographic projections, are the systems by which the earth or a portion of the earth is represented, directly and neatly relating the curved surface to a plane or map. The beginning of the book contains substantial introductory information about map projection families and distortions.
A map projection systematically projects locations from the surface of a spheroid to representative positions on a flat surface using. The world is a threedimensional sphere, but a map is a twodimensional. Types of projections conic cylindrical planar pseudocylindrical. All projections of a sphere on a plane necessarily distort the surface in some way and to some extent. Jun 06, 2017 the map scale may be expressed in three ways and the pictorial representation of these three types is shown in the figure. Oct 01, 2015 types of map projections many types of map projections are being used for map making. This is a summary of map projections that have articles of their own on wikipedia or. There are lots of map projections which preserve a few of the properties of the sphere at the cost of others. Map projections are introduced on pages 1012, and pages.
Use this lesson to teach geography classes about types of maps and map projections with great examples and an easytofollow companion worksheet. Pdf in this paper, we introduce some known map projections from a model of the earth to a flat sheet of paper or map and derive the plotting equations. Conic projection in flattened form a conic projection produces a roughly semicircular map with the area below the apex of the cone at its center. Learning more about map projection and coordinate system concepts. It is perpendicular to the direction of gravity pull. For larger scale maps, including topographic quadrangles and the state base map series, conformal projections such as the transverse mercator and the lambert conformal conic are. Scale same in any direction around a point, but scale changes from point to point. Types of map projections portland state university. Jan 22, 2011 the usgs has posted a scanned file of john p. Because there is no limit to the number of possible map projections, there can be no comprehensive list. Ap human geography types of map projections flashcards. We will taker a closer look at the popular mercator projection and examine how the projection.
Sep 20, 2015 description of three different types of map projections. Generally used for navigation, but this map is very distorted at the poles. The navigator must know the different types of chart projections and the principles of their constructions, so that the chart projection. In order to portray the surface of a round body on a twodimensional flat plane, you must first define a developable surface i. Cylindrical wrap a piece of paper around the earth to form a cylinder that touches the equater all the way around the earth. When the central point is either of earths poles, parallels. Ppt map projections and types powerpoint presentation. Shine a light from the center of the earth, trace the image that is projected onto the paper, and then take the paper o.
A cylindrical projection is a type of map in which a cylinder is wrapped around a sphere the globe, and the details of the globe are projected onto the cylindrical surface. Cylindrical map projections are one way of portraying the earth. After decades of using only one map projection, the polyconic, for its mapping program, the u. A stone tablet found in a cave in abauntz in the navarra region of northern spain is believed to. Some truedirection projections are also conformal, equal area, or equidistant. Large areas tend to look more like they do on the globe than is true for. Some common examples are cones, cylinders, and planes.
The geoid is defined as the surface of the earths gravity field, which is approximately the same as mean sea level. Map projections without distortions would represent the correct distance, direction, shapes, and areas on a map. Worksheets on map projections teachers pay teachers. Map projections and types 1 map projections and types 2 cartography. Map projections is about presenting the round earth on a flat surface. They are basically classified into four groups in accordance with the map projection theory or the types of surfaces that are tangent with the globe. Aug 06, 2019 certain map projections, or ways of displaying the earth in the most accurate ways by scale, are more wellknown and used than other kinds. Click download or read online button to get map projections book now. Map projections download ebook pdf, epub, tuebl, mobi. In this lecture, further distinctions of these types are made according to how the viewpoint and viewplane are located with respect to the world coordinate frame. Types of map projections the number of map projections made possible is limitless, and hundreds have been published. Map projections tn 6 a map is a representation of all or part of the earth drawn on a flat surface at a specific scale. Toward this end, we present a twopronged approach involving a an interactive cartographic educational software with an easy to use interface that allows users to experiment with di.
This approximates the view of the earth from the sun on the winter solstice at noon in cambridge, ma. Understanding map projections landing page for kartoweb. Apr 25, 2017 map projections without distortions would represent the correct distance, direction, shapes, and areas on a map. Each of the main projection typesconic, cylindrical, and planarare. Types of map projections many types of map projections are being used for map making. Conformal projections retain correct angular relations in transfer from globe to map. Use the printable worksheet to pinpoint study points to look. In cartography, a map projection is a way to flatten a globes surface into a plane in order to make a map. For example, the basic mercator projection is unique. As soon as humans figured out that the world is round, not flat, map making got a lot more complicated. Three large families of map projection, plus several smaller ones, are generally acknowledged.
Since the mass of the earth is not uniform at all points, and the direction of gravity changes, the shape of the geoid is irregular. Which projection is most suitably used for which area. Because maps are flat, some of the simplest projections are made onto geometric shapes that can be flattened without stretching their surfaces. This is a summary of map projections that have articles of their own on wikipedia or that are otherwise notable. Planar, azimuthal or zenithal projection conic projection cylindrical projection mathematical or conventional projection. The map scale may be expressed in three ways and the pictorial representation of these three types is shown in the figure. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. A map projection is used to portray all or part of the. These are based on the types of geometric shapes that are used to transfer features from a sphere or spheroid to a plane. A developable surface is a geometric shape that can be laid out into a flat surface without stretching or tearing. Btw, you also can use the selection form or the list of projections to select the ones youd like to compare.
By employing retirement planning software to organize your finances, you are going to have an apparent view of your general financial circumstance. However, map projections have distortions which depend largely on the size of the area being mapped. Planar, azimuthal or zenithal projection conic projection cylindrical projection mathematical or. The alaska map e was adapted from a set of transverse mercator projections 8 wide and approximately 18 long, repeated east and west of an arbitrary point of origin until a projection 72 wide was obtained. Also concerned with the interpretation of mapped patterns. Maps were devised because they are much easier to use, store, and transport than globes, and they facilitated the development of much larger scaled representations than was the case with a globe. Lecture 2 map projections and gis coordinate systems.